Nova Scotia · Grade 12
Physics 12
- PHY12
Nova Scotia’s Grade 12 science course, from Force, Motion, Work, and Energy to Radioactivity.
- Units
- 4
- Lessons
- 10
- Skills
- 54
- Provincial exam
- None
- Official curriculum
- Nova Scotia Department of Education
Unit by unit
Every skill in the course, numbered by unit.
Unit 1 · 14 skills
Force, Motion, Work, and Energy
2D vectors, momentum, and projectiles
2D vector analysis
I can use two-dimensional vector analysis for connected masses, relative motion, static equilibrium, and torque.
Skill 1.1
Conservation of momentum (2D)
I can apply conservation of momentum quantitatively to two-dimensional collisions and explosions.
Skill 1.2
Choosing conservation laws (2D)
I can decide whether to apply conservation of momentum, energy, or both to real elastic and inelastic interactions.
Skill 1.3
Projectile motion
I can analyze projectile motion by treating horizontal and vertical components independently.
Skill 1.4
Construct and evaluate a device
I can construct, test, and evaluate a mechanical device against criteria I develop.
Skill 1.5
Circular and simple harmonic motion
Uniform circular motion
I can describe uniform circular motion and calculate centripetal acceleration.
Skill 1.6
Circular motion and Newton's laws
I can apply Newton's laws to circular motion, relating centripetal force to mass, speed, and radius.
Skill 1.7
Simple harmonic motion (qualitative)
I can qualitatively describe how displacement, velocity, and acceleration relate in simple harmonic motion.
Skill 1.8
Energy in simple harmonic motion
I can quantitatively relate the kinetic and potential energy of a mass in simple harmonic motion.
Skill 1.9
Organizing motion data
I can compile and organize motion data into tables and graphs that make relationships clear.
Skill 1.10
Investigating a technology over time
I can investigate and present evidence about how a physics-related technology developed over time.
Skill 1.11
Gravitation and orbits
Kepler's laws
I can explain Kepler's first and second laws qualitatively and apply the third law quantitatively.
Skill 1.12
Universal gravitation and orbits
I can apply Newton's law of universal gravitation to orbital motion using calculation and graphs.
Skill 1.13
Scientific vs technological (orbits)
I can distinguish a scientific question from a technological problem in orbital and space contexts.
Skill 1.14
The official wording · 14 outcomes
- 1.1
- use vector analysis in two dimensions for systems involving two or more masses, relative motions, static equilibrium, and static torques
- 1.2
- apply quantitatively the laws of conservation of momentum to two-dimensional collisions and explosions
- 1.3
- determine in which real-life situations involving elastic and inelastic interactions the laws of conservation of momentum and energy are best used
- 1.4
- analyze quantitatively the horizontal and vertical motion of a projectile
- 1.5
- construct, test, and evaluate a device or system on the basis of developed criteria
- 1.6
- describe uniform circular motion using algebraic and vector analysis
- 1.7
- explain quantitatively circular motion using Newton
- 1.8
- explain qualitatively the relationship between displacement, velocity, time, and acceleration for simple harmonic motion
- 1.9
- explain quantitatively the relationship between potential and kinetic energies of a mass in simple harmonic motion
- 1.10
- compile and organize data, using data tables and graphs, to facilitate interpretation of the data
- 1.11
- identify questions, analyze, compile, and display evidence and information to investigate the development over time of a practical problem, issue, or technology
- 1.12
- explain qualitatively Kepler
- 1.13
- explain and apply the law of universal gravitation to orbital notations by using appropriate numeric and graphic analysis
- 1.14
- distinguish between scientific questions and technological problems
Key ideas
Vectors in 2D are resolved into perpendicular components and recombined.
In uniform circular motion, speed is constant but velocity continually changes direction.
First law: planets orbit the Sun in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
Static equilibrium requires the net force AND net torque to be zero.
Centripetal acceleration a = v^2/r points toward the centre of the circle.
Watch out for
- Adding 2D vectors as scalars.
- Thinking velocity is constant in uniform circular motion.
- Thinking orbits are perfect circles.
Every skill’s key ideas, worked examples and checks are in MapleMind.Practise this unit
Unit 2 · 16 skills
Fields
Field concepts and forces
Fields as regions of influence
I can describe magnetic, electric, and gravitational fields as regions of space that exert forces on charge or mass.
Skill 2.1
Field lines
I can illustrate magnetic, electric, and gravitational fields with field lines showing source and direction.
Skill 2.2
Charges and poles
I can describe electric fields using charge interactions and magnetic fields using poles.
Skill 2.3
Gravitation vs Coulomb's law
I can compare Newton's law of universal gravitation with Coulomb's law and apply both quantitatively.
Skill 2.4
Ohm's law and circuits
I can apply Ohm's law to analyze series, parallel, and combination circuits.
Skill 2.5
Defining problems and relationships
I can define a physics problem, estimate quantities, and infer relationships among variables from data.
Skill 2.6
Electromagnetism and induction
Magnetic field of a current
I can describe the magnetic field around a straight current-carrying wire and inside a solenoid.
Skill 2.7
Force on a moving charge
I can analyze qualitatively the magnetic force on a moving charge in a uniform field.
Skill 2.8
Electromagnetic induction
I can explain electromagnetic induction from both a changing magnetic flux and a moving conductor.
Skill 2.9
Motors and generators
I can compare how a motor and a generator work using the principles of electromagnetism.
Skill 2.10
Direct and alternating current
I can describe and compare direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC).
Skill 2.11
Investigating fields and milestones
Designing a fields experiment
I can design a controlled experiment on fields or circuits and identify the specific variables.
Skill 2.12
Controlled procedures (fields)
I can carry out a fields or circuits procedure safely, controlling variables and using instruments accurately.
Skill 2.13
Prediction and hypothesis (fields)
I can state a testable hypothesis and a matching prediction for a fields or circuits investigation.
Skill 2.14
Evidence, paradigms, and peer review
I can explain how evidence, theories, paradigms, and peer review shaped a major physics milestone such as electromagnetism.
Skill 2.15
Communicating physics ideas
I can clearly communicate physics questions and ideas and respond constructively to others in collaborative work.
Skill 2.16
The official wording · 16 outcomes
- 2.1
- describe magnetic, electric, and gravitational fields as regions of space that affect mass and charge
- 2.2
- describe magnetic, electric, and gravitational fields by illustrating the source and direction of the lines of force
- 2.3
- describe electric fields in terms of like and unlike charges, and magnetic fields in terms of poles
- 2.4
- compare Newton
- 2.5
- apply Ohm
- 2.6
- define and delimit problems, estimate quantities, interpret patterns and trends in data, and infer or calculate the relationships among variables
- 2.7
- describe the magnetic field produced by a current in a long, straight conductor, and in a solenoid
- 2.8
- analyze qualitatively the forces acting on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field
- 2.9
- analyze qualitatively electromagnetic induction by both a changing magnetic flux and a moving conductor
- 2.10
- compare and contrast the ways a motor and generator function, using the principles of electromagnetism
- 2.11
- describe and compare direct current and alternating current
- 2.12
- design an experiment and identify specific variables
- 2.13
- carry out procedures controlling the major variables, selecting and using instruments effectively, accurately, and safely, and adapting or extending procedures where required
- 2.14
- state a prediction and a hypothesis based on available evidence and background information
- 2.15
- explain the roles of evidence, theories and paradigms, and peer review in the development of the scientific knowledge associated with a major scientific milestone
- 2.16
- communicate questions, ideas, and intentions, and receive, interpret, understand, support, and respond to the ideas of others
Key ideas
A field is a region where a force acts on an object with the relevant property.
A current-carrying wire produces a circular magnetic field around it (right-hand rule).
A fields/circuits experiment might measure current against voltage or field strength against distance.
A gravitational field acts on mass; an electric field acts on charge; a magnetic field acts on moving charge and magnetic materials.
A solenoid (coil) produces a nearly uniform field inside, like a bar magnet.
Watch out for
- Thinking a field requires contact to act.
- Getting the right-hand rule direction wrong.
- Not controlling a confounding variable.
Every skill’s key ideas, worked examples and checks are in MapleMind.Practise this unit
Unit 3 · 11 skills
Waves and Modern Physics
Mass-energy and the quantum revolution
Mass-energy equivalence
I can apply Einstein's mass-energy equivalence E = mc^2 to conservation of mass and energy.
Skill 3.1
Evolution of quantum physics
I can explain how quantum physics evolved as evidence forced classical theories to be revised, using research tools.
Skill 3.2
Quantum energy: black-body and photoelectric
I can explain how quantized energy accounts for black-body radiation and the photoelectric effect.
Skill 3.3
Photoelectric effect formula
I can explain and apply the photoelectric equation relating photon energy, work function, and electron energy.
Skill 3.4
Photons, duality, and the atom
Photon momentum
I can explain how the concept of photon momentum revolutionized thinking about light.
Skill 3.5
Compton effect and de Broglie
I can explain the Compton effect and the de Broglie hypothesis using momentum conservation and the nature of light.
Skill 3.6
Wave and particle models of light
I can summarize the experimental evidence supporting both the wave and particle models of light.
Skill 3.7
Alternative theoretical models
I can apply and assess alternative theoretical models, such as the wave and particle models of light.
Skill 3.8
Bohr atomic model
I can explain the Bohr atomic model as combining classical orbits with quantized energy levels.
Skill 3.9
Energy levels and photons
I can relate an atom's energy levels to the energy of the photons it emits or absorbs.
Skill 3.10
Quantum-mechanical luminous phenomena
I can use the quantum-mechanical model to explain naturally luminous phenomena such as auroras and neon lights.
Skill 3.11
The official wording · 11 outcomes
- 3.1
- apply quantitatively the law of conservation of mass and energy using Einstein
- 3.2
- explain how quantum physics evolved as new evidence came to light and as laws and theories were tested and subsequently restricted, revised, or replaced, and use library and electronic research tools to collect information on this topic
- 3.3
- describe how the quantum energy concept explains both black-body radiation and the photoelectric effect
- 3.4
- explain qualitatively and apply the formula for the photoelectric effect
- 3.5
- explain how a photon momentum revolutionized thinking in the scientific community
- 3.6
- explain quantitatively the Compton effect and the de Broglie hypothesis, using the laws of mechanics, the conservation of momentum, and the nature of light
- 3.7
- summarize the evidence for the wave and particle models of light
- 3.8
- apply and assess alternative theoretical models for interpreting knowledge in a given field
- 3.9
- explain quantitatively the Bohr atomic model as a synthesis of classical and quantum concepts
- 3.10
- explain the relationship among the energy levels in Bohr
- 3.11
- use the quantum-mechanical model to explain naturally luminous phenomena
Key ideas
Einstein's E = mc^2 shows mass and energy are equivalent and interconvertible.
Light carries momentum (p = h/lambda) even though photons have no mass.
Because c^2 is enormous, a tiny mass converts to a huge amount of energy.
This showed light behaves as particles with momentum, not just waves.
Total mass-energy is conserved even when mass converts to energy.
Watch out for
- Thinking mass and energy are entirely separate.
- Thinking momentum requires mass.
- Forgetting to square c.
Every skill’s key ideas, worked examples and checks are in MapleMind.Practise this unit
Unit 4 · 13 skills
Radioactivity
Radiation, decay, and nuclear energy
Sources of radioactivity
I can describe natural and human-made sources of radioactivity.
Skill 4.1
Mass-energy in nuclear reactions
I can use E = mc^2 quantitatively to find the energy released in nuclear reactions from the mass defect.
Skill 4.2
Types of radiation
I can describe alpha, beta, and gamma radiation and the products of radioactive decay.
Skill 4.3
Half-life
I can analyze decay data to determine and use the half-life of a radioisotope.
Skill 4.4
Fission and fusion
I can compare and contrast nuclear fission and fusion.
Skill 4.5
Nuclear science, safety, and society
Sampling procedures (radioactivity)
I can develop appropriate sampling procedures for collecting reliable radioactivity data.
Skill 4.6
Apparatus and materials safety
I can select and use apparatus and materials safely when working with radioactive sources.
Skill 4.7
WHMIS handling and disposal (radioactivity)
I can apply WHMIS standards to handle and dispose of radioactive lab materials correctly.
Skill 4.8
Integrating radioactivity information
I can select credible sources and integrate their information into a coherent account of a radioactivity topic.
Skill 4.9
Radioactivity technologies and careers
I can describe radioactivity-based technologies, how they function in a community, and related careers.
Skill 4.10
Canadian contributions
I can analyze Canadian contributions to nuclear science and technology and their impact.
Skill 4.11
Defending a position (radioactivity)
I can develop and defend a data-based position on a radioactivity issue, recognizing multiple perspectives.
Skill 4.12
Risks and benefits of nuclear technology
I can analyze and evaluate the risks and benefits of a nuclear technology from multiple perspectives and criteria.
Skill 4.13
The official wording · 13 outcomes
- 4.1
- describe sources of radioactivity in the natural and constructed environments
- 4.2
- use quantitatively the law of conservation of mass and energy using Einstein
- 4.3
- describe the products of radioactive decay and the characteristics of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
- 4.4
- analyze data on radioactive decay to predict half-life
- 4.5
- compare and contrast fission and fusion
- 4.6
- develop appropriate sampling procedures
- 4.7
- select and use apparatus and materials safely
- 4.8
- demonstrate a knowledge of WHMIS standards by selecting and applying proper techniques for handling and disposing of lab materials
- 4.9
- select and integrate information from various print and electronic sources or from several parts of the same source
- 4.10
- identify, analyze, and describe examples where technologies were developed based on scientific understanding, the design and function of these technologies as part of a community
- 4.11
- analyze examples of Canadian contribution to a particular development of science and technology
- 4.12
- identify, develop, present, and defend a position or course of action based on identifying multiple perspectives that influence the issue, and on interpreting data and the relationship among variables
- 4.13
- analyze and evaluate, from a variety of perspectives, using a variety of criteria, the risks and benefits to society and the environment of a particular application of scientific knowledge and technology
Key ideas
Natural sources include cosmic rays, radon gas, and radioactive isotopes in rocks and food.
Representative sampling and consistent technique yield reliable radiation data.
Constructed sources include medical imaging, nuclear power, and industrial devices.
Radiation counts are statistical, so longer or repeated counting reduces uncertainty.
Background radiation is the low-level radiation we are always exposed to.
Watch out for
- Thinking all radioactivity is human-made.
- Ignoring background radiation.
- Believing background radiation is unusual.
Every skill’s key ideas, worked examples and checks are in MapleMind.Practise this unit
Plan the term
Pick your term and the days you study. Each unit gets its share of the weeks and comes back a week later for a review. The last two weeks go over the whole course.
Which course?
Nova Scotia has 3 science courses for Grade 12. Here they are side by side.
- Biology 12BIO124 units · 35 skillsNo provincial examWhat it coversMaintaining Dynamic Equilibrium II · Reproduction and Development · Genetic Continuity · Evolution, Change, and Diversity
- Chemistry 12CHE124 units · 87 skillsNo provincial examWhat it coversThermochemistry · Solutions, Kinetics, and Equilibrium · Acids and Bases · Electrochemistry
- Physics 12This coursePHY124 units · 54 skillsNo provincial examWhat it coversForce, Motion, Work, and Energy · Fields · Waves and Modern Physics · Radioactivity
What a university, college or program asks for is theirs to say: check its admission page, and your school’s course guide.
The official curriculum
This page follows Nova Scotia’s own curriculum for Physics 12.
Study it in MapleMind
MapleMind teaches Physics 12 one skill at a time. Each skill gets a short lesson, practice as you go and a check worth up to three stars. It remembers where you stopped.


Course Companion
Your year in one workbook
A fun way to keep Physics 12 organized, get to know your child better and see early when they need a hand. Fill it in on a screen, or print it.
- Pages
- 31
- Fillable fields
- 1,773
- Price
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Questions about Physics 12
What is Physics 12?
Nova Scotia’s Grade 12 science course: 4 units and 54 skills, from Force, Motion, Work, and Energy to Radioactivity.
What units are in Physics 12?
1. Force, Motion, Work, and Energy, 2. Fields, 3. Waves and Modern Physics and 4. Radioactivity.
Is there a provincial exam for Physics 12?
No. Nova Scotia gives no provincial exam for Physics 12.
Can MapleMind help with Physics 12?
Yes. MapleMind teaches every skill of Physics 12, step by step, with practice and checks, and its tutor answers questions about any of them. It’s free with daily limits, on iPhone, Android and the web.