New Brunswick · Grade 12
Foundations of Mathematics 120
New Brunswick’s Grade 12 math course, from Statistics to Relations and Functions.
- Units
- 4
- Lessons
- 15
- Skills
- 30
- Provincial exam
- None
- Official curriculum
- New Brunswick Department of Education and Early Childhood Development
Unit by unit
Every skill in the course, with its official code.
Unit 1 · 4 skills
Statistics
The normal distribution
Standard deviation and the bell curve
I can describe a normal distribution using its mean and standard deviation.
Official code: S1
z-scores
I can compute z-scores and use them to find percentages.
Official code: S1
Confidence intervals and margin of error
Confidence intervals and levels
I can interpret a confidence interval and its confidence level.
Official code: S2
Margin of error
I can interpret a margin of error and how sample size changes it.
Official code: S2
The official wording · 4 outcomes
- S1
- understanding of normal distribution, including standard deviation
- S1
- normal distribution, including standard deviation, z-scores
- S2
- Interpret statistical data, using confidence intervals, confidence levels
- S2
- Interpret statistical data, using confidence intervals, confidence levels, margin of error
Key ideas
A normal distribution is symmetric and bell-shaped around its mean.
A confidence interval is a range likely to contain the true value.
Standard deviation measures how spread out the data is.
The confidence level (like 95%) states how sure we are.
About 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of data lie within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations.
Watch out for
- Thinking a larger mean means a wider spread.
- Reading the confidence level as the chance any single value is in the range.
- Confusing standard deviation with the range.
Every skill’s key ideas, worked examples and checks are in MapleMind.Practise this unit
Unit 2 · 6 skills
Logical Reasoning
Puzzles and games: numerical and logical reasoning
Strategies for logic puzzles and games
I can use a reasoning strategy to solve a logic puzzle or game.
Official code: LR1
Justifying puzzle and game reasoning
I can justify why a puzzle strategy or solution is correct.
Official code: LR1
Set theory
Sets, unions and intersections
I can use set operations and Venn diagrams.
Official code: LR2
Counting with set theory
I can solve counting problems using set theory.
Official code: LR2
Conditional statements
Conditional statements and their related forms
I can write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional.
Official code: LR3
Truth values and biconditionals
I can decide if a conditional is true and interpret a biconditional.
Official code: LR3
The official wording · 6 outcomes
- LR1
- Analyze puzzles and games that involve numerical and logical reasoning, using problem-solving strategies
- LR1
- puzzles and games that involve numerical and logical reasoning, using problem-solving strategies
- LR2
- problems that involve the application of set theory
- LR2
- Solve problems that involve the application of set theory
- LR3
- Solve problems that involve conditional statements
- LR3
- problems that involve conditional statements
Key ideas
Logical elimination rules out impossible options.
A union combines two sets; an intersection is their overlap.
A conditional 'if p then q' has a hypothesis p and conclusion q.
Working from constraints narrows the possibilities.
A complement is everything outside a set within the universal set.
Watch out for
- Guessing instead of reasoning from the constraints.
- Swapping union and intersection.
- Confusing the converse with the contrapositive.
Every skill’s key ideas, worked examples and checks are in MapleMind.Practise this unit
Unit 3 · 14 skills
Probability
Odds and probability statements
Interpreting odds and probability
I can interpret and convert between odds and probability.
Official code: P1
Assessing the validity of probability claims
I can judge whether a probability claim is valid or misleading.
Official code: P1
Probability of combined events
Mutually exclusive events
I can find the probability of mutually exclusive events.
Official code: P2
Non-mutually-exclusive events
I can find the probability of non-mutually-exclusive events.
Official code: P2
Probability of two events
Independent events
I can find the probability of two independent events.
Official code: P3
Dependent events
I can find the probability of two dependent events.
Official code: P3
The fundamental counting principle
Applying the fundamental counting principle
I can count outcomes using the fundamental counting principle.
Official code: P4
Counting with restrictions
I can count arrangements when restrictions apply.
Official code: P4
Permutations
Permutations of distinct objects
I can count permutations of distinct objects.
Official code: P5
Permutations with restrictions or repeated objects
I can count permutations with restrictions or repeated objects.
Official code: P5
Combinations
Combinations of objects
I can count combinations where order does not matter.
Official code: P6
Choosing combinations or permutations
I can decide between combinations and permutations and solve mixed problems.
Official code: P6
The binomial theorem
Expanding binomials with Pascal's triangle
I can expand a binomial power using Pascal's triangle.
Official code: P7
The binomial theorem and general term
I can use the binomial theorem to find a specific term.
Official code: P7
The official wording · 14 outcomes
- P1
- Interpret and assess the validity of odds and probability statements
- P1
- Interpret and assess the validity of odds and probability statements
- P2
- the probability of mutually exclusive and non–mutually exclusive events
- P2
- probability of mutually exclusive and non–mutually exclusive events
- P3
- problems that involve the probability of two events
- P3
- the probability of two events
- P4
- Solve problems that involve the fundamental counting principle
- P4
- problems that involve the fundamental counting principle
- P5
- Solve problems that involve permutations
- P5
- problems that involve permutations
- P6
- Solve problems that involve combinations
- P6
- problems that involve combinations
- P7
- Expand powers of a binomial in a variety of ways, including using the binomial theorem
- P7
- Expand powers of a binomial in a variety of ways, including using the binomial theorem (restricted to exponents that are natural numbers)
Key ideas
Probability is favourable outcomes over total outcomes.
Mutually exclusive events cannot both happen at once.
Independent events do not affect each other's probability.
Multiply the number of choices at each independent step.
A permutation is an arrangement where order matters.
Watch out for
- Treating odds 3:1 as a probability of 3/1.
- Subtracting an overlap that does not exist.
- Adding instead of multiplying for 'and'.
Every skill’s key ideas, worked examples and checks are in MapleMind.Practise this unit
Unit 4 · 6 skills
Relations and Functions
Modelling data with polynomial functions
Fitting a polynomial model to data
I can fit a polynomial function to data and graph it.
Official code: RF1
Solving problems with a polynomial model
I can use a polynomial model to make predictions.
Official code: RF1
Modelling data with exponential and logarithmic functions
Modelling with exponential functions
I can model data with an exponential function.
Official code: RF2
Modelling with logarithmic functions and scales
I can model data with a logarithmic function and read log scales.
Official code: RF2
Modelling data with sinusoidal functions
Building a sinusoidal model
I can build a sinusoidal model of periodic data.
Official code: RF3
Solving problems with a sinusoidal model
I can use a sinusoidal model to make predictions.
Official code: RF3
The official wording · 6 outcomes
- RF1
- Represent data, using polynomial functions (of degree ≤ 3), to solve problems
- RF1
- Represent data, using polynomial functions (of degree ≤ 3), to solve problems
- RF2
- Represent data, using exponential and logarithmic functions, to solve problems
- RF2
- Represent data, using exponential and logarithmic functions, to solve problems
- RF3
- Represent data, using sinusoidal functions, to solve problems
- RF3
- Represent data, using sinusoidal functions, to solve problems
Key ideas
Data with turning points may fit a quadratic or cubic model.
Exponential change multiplies by a constant factor each period.
Amplitude is half the distance between the maximum and minimum.
Technology fits a polynomial of best fit to data.
A growth factor above 1 grows; below 1 decays.
Watch out for
- Forcing a linear model on clearly curved data.
- Modelling multiplicative change with a linear function.
- Confusing amplitude with the maximum value.
Every skill’s key ideas, worked examples and checks are in MapleMind.Practise this unit
Plan the term
Pick your term and the days you study. Each unit gets its share of the weeks and comes back a week later for a review. The last two weeks go over the whole course.
Which course?
New Brunswick has 5 math courses for Grade 12. Here they are side by side.
- Calculus 1201 units · 18 skillsNo provincial examWhat it coversCalculus
- Financial and Workplace Mathematics 1207 units · 30 skillsNo provincial examWhat it coversMeasurement · Geometry · Number · Algebra · Statistics · Probability · Mathematical Research Project
- Foundations of Mathematics 120This course4 units · 30 skillsNo provincial examWhat it coversStatistics · Logical Reasoning · Probability · Relations and Functions
- Pre-Calculus 120A2 units · 30 skillsNo provincial examWhat it coversRelations and Functions · Trigonometry
- Pre-Calculus 120B3 units · 30 skillsNo provincial examWhat it coversRelations and Functions · Permutations, Combinations and Binomial Theorem · Limits
What a university, college or program asks for is theirs to say: check its admission page, and your school’s course guide.
The official curriculum
This page follows New Brunswick’s own curriculum for Foundations of Mathematics 120.
Textbooks
The course’s curriculum guide names its core resource:
“the core resources for Foundations of Mathematics 110 and 120 … (NB Foundations of Mathematics 11 Ch.8.5-8.6, or Foundations of Mathematics 12 Ch.1.5-1.6)”
- Foundations of Mathematics 12
From the course’s curriculum guide, read October 28, 2026. gnb.ca
Study it in MapleMind
MapleMind teaches Foundations of Mathematics 120 one skill at a time. Each skill gets a short lesson, practice as you go and a check worth up to three stars. It remembers where you stopped.
Course Companion
Your year in one workbook
A fun way to keep Foundations of Mathematics 120 organized, get to know your child better and see early when they need a hand. Fill it in on a screen, or print it.
- Pages
- 31
- Fillable fields
- 1,423
- Price
- $4.99
Questions about Foundations of Mathematics 120
What is Foundations of Mathematics 120?
New Brunswick’s Grade 12 math course: 4 units and 30 skills, from Statistics to Relations and Functions.
What units are in Foundations of Mathematics 120?
1. Statistics, 2. Logical Reasoning, 3. Probability and 4. Relations and Functions.
Is there a provincial exam for Foundations of Mathematics 120?
No. New Brunswick gives no provincial exam for Foundations of Mathematics 120.
What textbook does Foundations of Mathematics 120 use?
The course’s curriculum guide names its core resource: Foundations of Mathematics 12.
Can MapleMind help with Foundations of Mathematics 120?
Yes. MapleMind teaches every skill of Foundations of Mathematics 120, step by step, with practice and checks, and its tutor answers questions about any of them. It’s free with daily limits, on iPhone, Android and the web.
Get ready for Foundations of Mathematics 120
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