Chemistry, Grade 12

Unit 1: Topic 1: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Solubility and precipitation, solubility rules, neutralization reactions and titration stoichiometry, identifying unknown solutions, and oxidation-reduction: oxidation numbers, identifying and balancing redox reactions, and their applications.

• Solubility and precipitation
• Developing solubility rules
• Predicting a precipitate

• Neutralization equations
• Stoichiometry of neutralization
• Titration calculations
• Identifying unknown solutions

• Understanding oxidation and reduction
• Assigning oxidation numbers
• Identifying redox reactions
• Balancing redox reactions
• Applications of redox reactions

Unit 2: Topic 2: Atomic Structure

The electromagnetic spectrum and line spectra, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, writing electron configurations, relating configuration to periodic-table position, and periodic trends in atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy, and electronegativity.

• The electromagnetic spectrum
• Observing line spectra
• Applications of line spectra

• History of the quantum mechanical model
• Writing electron configurations
• Configuration and the periodic table
• Periodic trends

Unit 3: Topic 3: Chemical Kinetics

Reaction rate and the variables that monitor it, measuring average and instantaneous rates, relating product and reactant rates, factors affecting rate and the collision theory, potential-energy diagrams, reaction mechanisms, and determining rate laws and reaction order.

• Defining reaction rate
• Variables for monitoring rate
• Average and instantaneous rate
• Relating product and reactant rates

• Factors affecting reaction rate
• Explaining rate with collision theory
• Potential energy diagrams
• Qualitative rate and collision theory
• Reaction mechanisms
• Rate law and reaction order

Unit 4: Topic 4: Chemical Equilibrium

Dynamic equilibrium, the equilibrium law expression and constant Keq, solving equilibrium problems, Le Châtelier's principle and shifting equilibria, concentration-time graphs, practical applications, and solubility equilibria with Ksp.

• The concept of equilibrium
• The equilibrium law expression
• Interpreting the equilibrium constant
• Solving equilibrium problems
• Determining Keq experimentally

• Predicting equilibrium shifts
• Demonstrating Le Châtelier's principle
• Concentration versus time graphs
• Applications of Le Châtelier's principle

• Solubility product expressions
• Solving Ksp problems
• Applications of low-solubility salts
• Determining Ksp experimentally

Unit 5: Topic 5: Acids and Bases

Historical acid-base theories, writing acid-base equations and conjugate pairs, the ion product of water, the pH scale, indicators, strong versus weak acids and bases, the acid and base equilibrium constants Ka and Kb, and predicting the pH of salt solutions.

• Historical acid-base theories
• Acid-base equations and conjugate pairs
• The ion product of water
• An operational definition of pH
• How acid-base indicators work
• Solving pH problems

• Strong and weak acids and bases
• Ka and Kb expressions
• Solving Ka and Kb problems
• Finding an unknown concentration by titration
• Predicting the pH of a salt solution

Unit 6: Topic 6: Electrochemistry

The activity series and reaction spontaneity, voltaic (galvanic) cells and half-cell notation, standard electrode potentials and cell-potential calculations, comparing voltaic and electrolytic cells, the operation and uses of electrolytic cells, and Faraday's law.

• Developing an activity series
• Spontaneity from the activity series
• History of voltaic cells
• How a voltaic cell operates
• Building a voltaic cell

• Standard electrode potential
• Calculating standard cell potentials
• Predicting spontaneity from potentials

• Voltaic versus electrolytic cells
• How an electrolytic cell operates
• Uses of electrolytic cells
• Faraday's law