Chemistry 20

Naming ionic compounds

I can name ionic compounds using the IUPAC rules, including multivalent metals and polyatomic ions.

Ionic formulas as lowest whole-number ratios

I can explain why an ionic formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of ions that gives a net charge of zero.

Valence electrons, electronegativity and ionic bonds

I can define valence electron, electronegativity, ionic bond and intramolecular force.

Periodic table and electron dot diagrams for ionic bonding

I can use the periodic table and electron dot diagrams to explain how ions form and bond.

Ionic bonds from attraction of opposite charges

I can explain how an ionic bond results from the simultaneous attraction of oppositely charged ions.

Ionic lattices and properties

I can explain how the ionic lattice structure gives rise to properties like melting point, solubility and reactivity.

Naming molecular substances

I can name molecular substances using prefixes for the number of each atom.

Molecular formulas count atoms

I can explain why a molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule.

Electron pairing and covalent bonds

I can relate shared electron pairs to single, double and triple covalent bonds.

Electron dot diagrams and Lewis structures

I can draw electron dot diagrams and Lewis structures to predict bonding in simple molecules.

VSEPR theory and molecular shapes

I can use VSEPR theory to predict molecular shapes.

Illustrating molecular structure

I can illustrate the structure of simple molecular substances by drawing or building models.

Polarity from shape and charge distribution

I can determine whether a molecule is polar from its shape and charge distribution.

London, dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding

I can explain London (dispersion), dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding forces.

Intermolecular forces and physical properties

I can relate intermolecular forces to properties like melting point, boiling point and enthalpies of fusion and vaporization.

Bonding as a continuum

I can describe bonding as a continuum from complete electron transfer to equal sharing.

Real and ideal gases

I can describe and compare real and ideal gases using kinetic molecular theory.

Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales

I can convert between Celsius and Kelvin and explain why Kelvin is needed for gas laws.

Law of combining volumes

I can explain the law of combining volumes.

Boyle's, Charles's and the ideal gas law

I can relate Boyle's and Charles's laws to the ideal gas law and calculate at STP, SATP and other conditions.

Pure substances, mixtures and homogeneous mixtures

I can classify pure substances and mixtures and explain what makes a homogeneous mixture.

Dissolving as a prerequisite for reactions

I can give examples showing that dissolving in water is often needed before a chemical change can happen.

Dissolving as endothermic or exothermic

I can explain dissolving as an endothermic or exothermic process in terms of breaking and forming bonds.

Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes

I can differentiate electrolytes from nonelectrolytes.

Ways of expressing concentration

I can express concentration as moles per litre, percent by mass, and parts per million.

Calculating molar concentration

I can calculate molar concentration from data and find mass or volume from a concentration.

Dilution calculations

I can calculate concentrations, volumes and amounts of water when diluting solutions.

Concentration of ions in solution

I can use dissociation/ionization equations to calculate the concentration of ions in a solution.

Solubility and its factors

I can define solubility and identify the factors that affect it.

Saturation as a dynamic equilibrium

I can explain a saturated solution as a dynamic equilibrium of dissolving and crystallizing.

Preparing and diluting solutions

I can describe the procedures and calculations for preparing and diluting solutions.

IUPAC naming of acids and bases

I can name and write formulas for acids and bases using IUPAC rules.

Empirical definitions of acidic, basic and neutral

I can recall the empirical definitions of acidic, basic and neutral solutions.

Arrhenius acids

I can define an Arrhenius acid and recognize that the definition is limited.

Arrhenius bases

I can define an Arrhenius base and recognize that the definition is limited.

Neutralization

I can define neutralization as a reaction between hydronium and hydroxide ions.

Calculating pH and pOH

I can calculate pH, pOH, and hydronium and hydroxide concentrations.

SI units and significant digits in pH

I can use SI units and the correct number of significant digits when reporting pH and concentration.

How pH and pOH change with concentration

I can compare how pH and pOH change with changes in concentration.

Indicators, pH paper and pH meters

I can explain how indicators, pH paper and pH meters measure acidity.

Strong vs weak acids and bases

I can differentiate strong from weak acids and bases based on ionization.

Monoprotic and polyprotic acids and bases

I can identify monoprotic and polyprotic acids and bases and compare their ionization.

Predicting reaction products by type

I can predict the products of a reaction from its reaction type.

Balancing chemical equations

I can balance chemical equations in terms of atoms, molecules and moles.

Quantitative vs qualitative analysis

I can contrast quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Ionic and net ionic equations

I can write balanced ionic and net ionic equations and identify spectator ions.

Gravimetric, solution and gas stoichiometry

I can calculate quantities of reactants and products using gravimetric, solution and gas stoichiometry.

Conservation of mass in quantitative analysis

I can explain conservation of mass in a chemical change using quantitative analysis.

Limiting and excess reagents

I can identify the limiting and excess reagents in a reaction.

Theoretical and actual yields

I can define theoretical yield and actual yield.

Why actual yield differs from theoretical

I can explain why actual yield differs from theoretical yield.

Drawing and interpreting titration curves

I can draw and interpret titration curves for strong monoprotic acids and bases.

Function and choice of indicators

I can describe the function of indicators and how the right one is chosen for a titration.

Equivalence point vs indicator end point

I can identify the equivalence point and distinguish it from the indicator end point.