Chemistry 12

Unit 1: Reaction Kinetics

Reaction rate, collision theory, the energy change of a reaction, the step-by-step mechanism behind an overall equation, and how catalysts change the pathway. Chem12 explains the KINETICS of the reactions Chemistry 11 could only predict.

• Reaction rate and the factors that affect it
• Collision theory and successful collisions

• Energy change and potential-energy diagrams
• Reaction mechanisms and the rate-determining step

• Catalysts and their applications

Unit 2: Chemical Equilibrium

The forward and reverse reactions still occurring at equal rates, Le Châtelier's principle for predicting shifts, and the equilibrium constant that quantifies how far a reaction proceeds — including the calculations that put a number on it.

• The dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium

• Le Châtelier's principle and equilibrium shift

• The equilibrium constant Keq
• Keq calculations in equilibrium systems

Unit 3: Solubility Equilibrium

Saturated solutions as an equilibrium between a solid and its dissolved ions, the solubility product Ksp as a specialized Keq expression, and the calculations used to predict whether a precipitate forms. Chemistry 11 asked "does it dissolve" — Chemistry 12 treats dissolving as an equilibrium.

• Saturated solutions and the solubility product Ksp
• Ksp calculations and predicting precipitate formation

Unit 4: Acids, Bases & Aqueous Equilibrium

Relative acid/base strength, water's own equilibrium, weak acid/base calculations, titration method and curves, salt hydrolysis, and real applications of acid-base chemistry — the full quantitative treatment building on Chemistry 11 and Science 10's acid-base introduction.

• Relative strength of acids and bases

• Water as an equilibrium system (Kw)
• Kw, pH and pOH calculations

• Weak acids and weak bases as equilibrium systems
• Ka, Kb and weak acid/base pH calculations

• Titration method and the equivalence point
• Strong acid–strong base titration curves
• Weak/strong acid–base titration curves
• Titration pH and indicator calculations

• Hydrolysis of ions in salt solutions
• pH calculations for hydrolysis of salt ions

• Applications of acid-base reactions and buffers

Unit 5: Oxidation-Reduction & Electrochemistry

Defining oxidation and reduction, balancing redox equations, the electrochemical (galvanic) and electrolytic cells that put electron transfer to work, and the quantitative calculations — cell voltage and redox titrations — that go with them.

• Oxidation numbers and identifying redox
• Balancing redox equations (half-reaction method)

• Electrochemical (galvanic) cells and half-reactions
• Cell voltage (E0) and standard reduction potentials

• Electrolytic cells and their applications

• E0 / cell-potential calculations
• Redox-titration stoichiometry calculations

Unit 6: Lab Numeracy: Accuracy and Precision

The one Curricular Competency taught as its own cluster in Chemistry 12: significant figures, measurement uncertainty, and scientific notation, pitched to the multi-step equilibrium and electrochemistry calculations that run through the whole course.

• Significant figures in multi-step equilibrium calculations
• Propagating uncertainty through derived values (Keq, Ksp, Ka, E0)