Science 7

Evolution is a change in the traits of populations over time — it is not something a single animal does within its own lifetime.

Every organism needs space, food, water, and access to resources in order to survive.

Natural selection is the natural process by which traits with greater fitness for an environment lead to a reproductive advantage for the individuals that carry them.

Species alive today descended from earlier, often very different, species; many species that once existed are now extinct.

If a need goes unmet for long enough, an organism's survival — and a population's ability to keep reproducing — is threatened.

An element is a pure substance consisting of a single type of atom.

A compound is a pure substance consisting of two or more different atoms held together in a defined arrangement by chemical bonds.

A pure substance consists of only one type of particle and has one consistent set of properties — such as density, boiling point, solubility, or conductivity.

A crystalline structure is a solid formed by a unique, repeating arrangement of particles.

A chemical change happens when atoms rearrange into new products, accompanied by an energy change.

Electricity can be generated in different ways, including using wind, water, coal, geothermal, and solar energy.

The electromagnetic force is responsible for both electricity and magnetism — they are two expressions of the same underlying force.

Each method of generating electricity has different environmental impacts — such as emissions, land use, or habitat disruption.

Moving or changing a magnetic field relative to a wire produces electric current — this is how a turbine generates electricity.

Choosing how to generate electricity involves weighing benefits (reliability, cost) against environmental impacts, not just picking the cheapest option.

Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of once-living organisms, typically found in layers of sedimentary rock, with older layers generally beneath newer ones.

First Peoples knowledge is built from careful, long-term observation of the land and passed down through oral history across many generations.

Physical records — such as ice-flow data (ice cores) and the fossil record — preserve clues that reveal what Earth's climate was like at different points in geological time.

Local First Peoples knowledge of climate change is built from oral history and observed changes in traditional practice — such as the timing of harvest being impacted by climate change.

The ages of rocks and fossils can be determined by both relative and absolute methods, placing them on the geologic time scale.